Falling German Satellite Poses 1-in-2,000 Risk of Striking Someone This Month (SPACE.com)

A big German satellite near the end of life is expected to plunge back to Earth this month, just weeks after a NASA satellite fell from orbit, and where this latest piece of space junk will hit is a mystery.

The 2.4-ton spacecraft, Germany's Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), is expected to fall Oct.  22 or 23.

The satellite will break up into fragments, some of which will disintegrate due to intense re-entry heat. But studies predict that about 1.6 tons of satellite leftovers could reach the Earth’s surface. That's nearly half ROSAT's entire mass.

There is a 1-in-2,000 chance that debris from the satellite could hit someone on Earth, though the likelihood of an injury is extremely remote, German space officials say. For German citizens, the risk of being struck is much lower, about 1 in 700,000.

All areas under the orbit of ROSAT, which extends to 53 degrees northern and southern latitude, could be in the strike zone of the satellite's re-entry.

The bulk of the debris is likely to hit near the ground/ocean track of the satellite. However, isolated fragments could descend to Earth in a 50-mile (80-kilometer) swath along that track. [Photos: Germany's ROSAT Satellite Falling to Earth] 

The satellite will be the second large spacecraft to make a pre-announced fall from space in as many months. On Sept. 24, NASA's 20-year-old Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) crashed into the Pacific Ocean in a widely publicized death plunge.

The ROSAT project was a collaborative venture among Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom. It was developed, built and launched on behalf of and under the leadership of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Germany's space agency.

The uncontrollable ROSAT

ROSAT was placed into Earth orbit on June 1, 1990. The highly successful astronomy mission ended after nearly nine years, with commands sent on Feb. 12, 1999, to shut the spacecraft down. 

The spacecraft does not have its own propulsion system, so it could not  be maneuvered into a controlled re-entry at the end of its mission.

Moreover, the satellite is zipping through space in deaf and silent mode. That is, ROSAT is no longer able to communicate with DLR’s control center in Oberpfaffenhofen, nor is it possible to establish contact with the spacecraft.

Still, the DLR says the probability of ROSAT coming down over an inhabited area is extremely low. [6 Biggest Uncontrolled Spacecraft Falls From Space]

Re-entry prediction practice

Even in its death throes, ROSAT is expected to be a useful servant, albeit in a way unintended at launch.

According to Heiner Klinkrad, head of the European Space Operations Center's Space Debris Office in Darmstadt, Germany, the ROSAT tumble from space will be useful in sharpening re-entry prediction tools.

"ROSAT will be an official re-entry test campaign," Klinkrad told SPACE.com.

Klinkrad serves as secretary of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee, an international governmental forum for the worldwide coordination of activities related to the issues of human-made and natural debris in space.

The IADC has performed re-entry prediction test campaigns since 1998. Data-sharing has led to more-accurate re-entry predictions.

Targets used for IADC re-entry initiatives have included the UARS spacecraft, several Russian Cosmos satellites, various upper stages, and even the fall of a huge ammonia coolant tank that was purposely tossed off the International Space Station by spacewalking astronauts in July 2007. The ammonia tank burned up over the South Pacific in November 2008.

Heavy metal (really)

ROSAT's nose-dive may result in as many as 30 individual pieces striking the surface of the Earth. About 1.6 tons of the satellite could survive re-entry, according to DLR description.

The heaviest component to reach Earth could be the satellite’s X-ray optical system — with its mirrors and a mechanical support structure made of carbon-fiber reinforced composite  —  or at least a part of it, DLR officials said.

Fragments striking the surface of Earth could be traveling at speeds of up to roughly 280 mph (450 kph).

As ROSAT's demise approaches, German scientists will be evaluating data provided by the U.S. Space Surveillance Network. In addition, the Tracking and Imaging Radar, the large radar facility at the Fraunhofer Institute for High-Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques in Wachtberg near Bonn, will be monitoring the descent to further improve calculations of its trajectory.

Experts will be analyzing data to predict the moment of re-entry. All of this information will be collected and evaluated in the European Satellite Operations Center in Darmstadt, then forwarded to the DLR.

Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is a winner of this year's National Space Club Press Award and a past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines. He has written for SPACE.com since 1999.

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NASA: UARS Satellite Debris Poses 1 in 3,200 Chance of Hitting Someone (ContributorNetwork)

NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) will fall to Earth sometime during late September or early October, NASA told reporters today in a teleconference. Atmospheric changes that take place on a daily basis making it impossible to predict exactly where or when it will come down with any real accuracy even as close as two hours prior to the re-entry.

Satellites the size of UARS, on average fall to Earth about once every year and are the subject of detailed break-up analyses by NASA scientists. In this case, NASA expects that UARS will break up in such a way that 26 pieces will strike the ground at speeds ranging from tens of miles per hour to hundreds of miles per hour, according to Nick Johnson of NASA's Orbital Debris Program. In fact, said Johnson, NASA has calculated the odds of any piece of the debris striking a person as 1 in 3200. A number which he says is very, very low and is simply based on the area of possible landfall and global population density.

The re-entry of UARS should be very visible even if it occurs in daylight said Johnson. However, it will b impossible to give enough advance information about where it will re-enter to advise people where and when to look for it. Based on the amount of water versus the amount of land in possible impact field, it is most likely that it will take place out over an ocean and may only be incidentally visible to passing aircraft or ocean vessels.

UARS made a number of important scientific observations over its 14 year effective lifespan including detailed measurement of Earth's atmosphere and of solar radiation. Since 2005, other satellites have replaced its full suite of observational capabilities.

Factbox:

* UARS was built in the 1980's and launched in 1991 at a total cost of $750 million.

* Intact, UARS masses 5.7 metric tons and completely fills the cargo bay of a space shuttle.

* Without NASA intervention, UARS would have remained in orbit until 2025, but its orbital decay was intentionally accelerated by using up all remaining onboard maneuvering propellants in 2005 when it had exhausted its scientific usefulness.

* UARS was the first satellite to record solar flux data over and entire 11 year solar cycle.

* The largest piece of UARS expected to reach the ground masses a little over 300 pounds.

* Other than being struck by fallen debris, NASA says, the biggest risk from the debris is a person getting cut by sharp edges if they try to handle the debris after is has landed. There are absolutely no toxic materials on board, according to Paul Hertz of NASA's Science Mission Directorate.

* All pieces of UARS remain the property of the U.S. government and their location should be made known to local law enforcement officials. Possession or sale of any of the debris by private individuals in the United States is illegal and subject to prosecution.

* In a typical year, 400 pieces of tracked man-made debris re-enters Earth's atmosphere.

* One piece of man-made space debris survives to reach the ground, on average, each week.

* In 2010, approximately 75 metric tons of man-made space debris fell from orbit Earth.

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Brad Sylvester writes about the space program for the Yahoo! Contributor Network. Watching the Apollo missions through the static on a small black and white television sparked a lifelong interest in the space sciences for him. Since then, he has spent 40 years watching improvements in the technologies of space travel and our understanding of the universe.

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